fig12

Figure 12. Different types of 2D nanofluidic membranes for osmotic power generation. (A) Voltage measurement installation. (B) Magnitude of voltage produced by different cations. Figures reproduced with permission from Sun et al.^[121] (Copyright © 2019 Nature). (C) I-V response at different KCl concentrations. (D) Variation of diffusion current with concentration gradient and pH. Figures reproduced with permission from Cheng et al.^[122] (Copyright © 2017 Wiley). (E) Cross-sectional SEM image of layered Ti₃C₂T_x membrane (scale: 1 μm). Inset shows Ti₃C₂T_x membrane with a thickness of 3 μm, illustrating the excellent flexibility of the membrane (scale: 10 mm). (F) Maximum output power density at different temperatures. Inset shows I-V characteristic curve at different temperatures. Figures reproduced with permission from Hong et al.^[123] (Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society).