fig13

Figure 13. Performance and theoretical simulation diagram of concentration cell based on GO-based composite membranes. (A) Output power density and (B) output current density of GO/CNF composite membrane are higher than that of a pure CNF or GO membrane. Figures reproduced with permission from Wu et al.^[124] (Copyright © 2018 Royal Society of Chemistry). (C) Structure of GO/SNF/GO composite membrane (scale: 500 nm). (D) Schematic diagram of GO/SNF/GO composite membrane and its concentration cell. (E) Heating device. (F) Variation of output power density with temperature. The inset shows the phase diagram for aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl-H₂O) at constant pressure. (G) Numerical simulation diagram of ion concentration distribution at different temperatures. Figures reproduced with permission from Xin et al.^[48] (Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society). GO: Graphene oxide; CNF: cellulose nanofiber.