fig15

Figure 15. Structural and performance diagrams of PyPa-SO₃H/SANF composite membrane. (A) SEM image of PyPa-SO₃H/SANF composite membrane (scale: 200 nm). The illustration shows that the membrane has excellent flexibility (scale: 1 cm). (B) X-ray diffraction pattern of PyPa-SO₃H/SANF composite membrane. (C) Ion transport in traditional 2D nanofluidic membranes. (D) Vertical transport of ions through 1D nanochannels. (E) Horizontal and vertical transport of ions in PyPa-SO₃H/SANF composite membrane. (F) Variation of output power density and current of PyPa-SO₃H/SANF composite membrane with applied resistance. Figures reproduced with permission from Man et al.^[54] (Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society).