fig6

Figure 6. Preparation of clay-based 2D nanofluidic membranes. (A) Exfoliation process of bulk LDH. Figure reproduced with permission from Lu et al.^[84] (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier). (B) Cross-section scanning electron microscopy image (scale bar: 1 μm) showing a layered microstructure. Figure reproduced with permission from Shao et al.^[87] (Copyright © 2015 Nature). (C) Schematic of double-layer intercalated MMT membrane preparation process. Figure reproduced with permission from Xiao et al.^[90] (Copyright © 2017 American Chemical Society). LDH: Layered bimetallic hydroxide; MMT: montmorillonite; DODAB: dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide.