fig5

Figure 5. (A) Schematic illustration of in situ XRD cell. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[79]. Copyright (2019) Wiley-VCH. (B) In situ XRD patterns of (top) bare Li anode and (bottom) LiF-Li anode upon first charge-discharge process. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[80]. Copyright (2019) Springer Nature. (C) Schematic illustration of in situ Raman cell. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[81]. Copyright (2015) Wiley-VCH. (D) In situ Raman spectra of ether and MIP-based electrolytes, respectively. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[83]. Copyright (2019) Springer Nature. (E) Schematic diagram of cell used for in situ MRI. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[90]. Copyright (2015) American Chemical Society. (F) In situ NMR and susceptibility calculations enable to characterize the types of Li microstructures nondestructively in a functioning battery. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[94]. Copyright (2015) American Chemical Society. (G) Schematic of ⁷Li in situ NMR technique used to study dead Li formation and (H) corresponding ⁷Li NMR spectra. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[92]. Copyright (2020) American Chemical Society. (I) Experimental setup for in situ NDP measurements. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[96]. Copyright (2019) Elsevier. (J) Operando NDP measurements of first plating and stripping cycle including the plating and striping activity at (top) 0.5 mAh cm^-2 and (bottom) 2 mAh cm^-2. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[97]. Copyright (2018) Springer Nature. (K) 2D evolution of Li distribution as a function of charging time based on normalized neutron radiographs. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[77]. Copyright (2019) American Chemical Society.