fig6

Figure 6. (A) Voltage profiles of Li deposition on Cu and Au substrates at 10 µA cm^-2. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[111]. Copyright (2016) Springer Nature. (B) Summary of calculated binding energies between heteroatom-doped carbon and a Li atom. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[114]. Copyright (2019) American Association for the Advancement of Science. (C) Schematic of dual functionality of an electron-deficient carbon surface. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[115]. Copyright (2021) Springer Nature. (D) Schematic diagram of Li deposition on lithiophilic-lithiophobic gradient layer-coated Li foils. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[117]. Copyright (2018) Springer Nature. (E) Electrokinetic phenomena in 3D PPS under an electric field. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[124]. Copyright (2018) Springer Nature. (F) Schematic diagrams of different Li metal anode host structures. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[35]. Copyright (2019) Cell Press.