fig3

Figure 3. (A) EIS plots, (B) Rct variations after cycling, (C) Tafel plots and (D) exchange current density variations after cycling of pure Li, Li-10 min, Li-30 min, Li-1 h and Li-2 h. (E) Corresponding voltage-time profiles of Li plating/stripping at current densities of 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 mA cm^-2 in symmetrical cells. (F) Long cycling voltage-time profiles at 1 mA cm^-2. Insets show selected voltage-time profiles. (G) Digital images of liquid cell tests for Li/Li-30 min stripping-plating at a current density of 1 mA cm^-2. (H) SEM image of pure Li surface after 120 cycles in symmetrical cell. (I) SEM image of Li-30 min surface after 120 cycles in symmetrical cell. (J and K) SEM images of Li-30 min surface after 1000 cycles in symmetrical cell. All tests were performed at 30 °C.