fig6

Figure 6. Characterization techniques of Zn/electrolyte interfaces. (A) Information on the Zn morphology at different spatial scales, which can be gathered using a camera, optical microscopies with/without 3D imaging, SEM, TEM, and AFM. Copyright from Ref.^{[1,3,25,42,43,60]}. (B) Characterization approaches for studying Zn/electrolyte interfacial structures and compositions, including Raman, FTIR, NMR, XPS, and XRD. Copyright from Ref.^{[13,37,39,46]}. (C) Theoretical calculations to explore the mechanisms at the interfaces. DFT and MD simulations are used to explore the interfacial property and structure at the atomic scale. It is possible to analyze the electric field density and the Zn²⁺ flux on the Zn anode surface using multi-physical simulation technologies. Copyright from Ref.^[9,27,31]. (D) Electrochemical characterization methods with regards to Zn anodes, including LSV, CV, CA, EDLC, and EIS.