fig9

Figure 9. Composite Li anodes constructed by gradient skeleton. (A) Schematic diagram of “bottom-up” Li plating in CDG-sponge. Reproduced with permission^[128]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier; (B) Schematic diagram of the CG host structure and Li-ion reaction flux modeled using COMSOL Multiphysics. Reproduced with permission^[135]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH; (C) Schematic of the G-CNF electrode in regulating Li deposition. Reproduced with permission^[130]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH; (D) Schematic of Li deposition behavior on CuSnAl@Cu electrode and pure Cu foam. Reproduced with permission^[131]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society; (E) Preparation procedure of the DRS host. Reproduced with permission^[136]. Copyright 2019, Springer Nature; (F) Schematic of the interfacial activity gradient. Reproduced with permission^[137]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. CDG: Conductive-dielectric gradient; CG: conductivity gradient; G-CNF: gradient-type carbon fiber modified with lithiophilic seeds.